Education Revolution Why the No Child Left Behind Act...

Education is the foundation of American society. It empowers the youth of America to become the successful leaders this country needs for the future. Education has been one of America’s top priorities since 1965, when the Elementary and Secondary Education Act was passed. Now, education is controlled by the No Child Left Behind Act, which was launched in January 8, 2002. This act was passed with intentions from the government to provide Americans with a more superior education system. However, The No Child Left Behind Act carried many flaws which were left unseen to a vast majority of the public. This act limited American students by not allowing them to demonstrate their full academic potentials while proceeding in school. While the†¦show more content†¦This act got so many new families and supporting citizens on their side due to the way they reached out to different parts of the United States that they were able to establish a separate organization just for pare nts of students. The Parent Teacher Association group was made to further allow the guardians of students to be involved with their educations and the way they were run. This act differed from the No Child Left Behind Act because it did not set any sort of standard of education that schools had to meet. Although the Elementary and Secondary Education Act significantly aided the underprivileged students in America, there was no accountability on educators to keep up with a student’s progress along the way. Laws stated it was mandatory for teachers and schools to report every student’s test scores, but that was not the case. No responsibility was held on the school for the students who did poorly, and the law to report scores was rarely enforced. The problem with the way this system was run, was that it allowed the schools with more money to perform better because they had the extra resources to do so. The underprivileged schools were less motivated with fewer tools to work with, which put them at a lower level. When the education is different because of the area you live in, society is then held back by certain citizens not being as educated or successful as those in other areas. The two different levels of education do not go in sync with eachShow MoreRelated French Revolution Inspired Les Miserables2833 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"If the soul is left in darkness, sins will be committed. The guilty one is not the one who commits the sin, but the one who creates the darkness† (Hugo 22). This quote was taken from Les Miserables describing the French Revolution. The â€Å"darkness† represents the authoritative figures that have the power to rule others. They create misery and pain that leads good people into doing bad things. The French Revolution was a major turning point in French history. It motivated and influenced Victor HugoRead MoreHomeschooling And A Traditional Public Education1819 Words   |  8 PagesOne of the most sig nificant decisions to be made is choosing the child’s educational plans. The only options that are available are homeschooling or a traditional public education. While there are a few options, the choice has to be assessed properly. The dilemmas placed before parents are the lack of knowledge for an education taught within a home setting or the lack of a proper environment within a traditional school setting. There are many facets of homeschooling that people may not know. InRead MoreShaping American Cultures 2166 Words   |  9 Pageswith poetry, novels and art. Three of the most altering countercultures were the Hippies, the Sexual Revolution and the Gay Liberation. These three countercultures emerged around the same time, but had prominently different agendas and played huge roles in shaping the American culture. What effects did the Hippies, Sexual Revolution and the Gay Liberation countercultures have on American society, why did they emerge and what were their objectives? One of the most distinctive countercultures of theRead More Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi Essay3583 Words   |  15 Pagesfactors influence their socialization. In Persepolis, Satrapi demonstrates the three major microsystems1 that influence a child’s socialization; family, education, and community. As a ten year old child, Marjane lives in a typical nuclear family, her community is currently in the midst of a revolution, and her school is teaching her how to look and act like a proper woman. It is important to understand how these three microsystems are crucial in Marjane’s development as a young adolescent. In AmericanRead MoreHistory, Politics, And Sociology Of Education3391 Words   |  14 Pagesreflection on the driving forces behind the major trends / developments you identified. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the various developments in the field of education in the United States since 1960 through three different perspectives: History, Politics, and sociology. These three disciplines known as aspects of the foundations of education serve along with philosophy and anthropology to give a big picture of schooling and education in a given society. This paper answersRead MoreSummary and Critical Analysis of the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx2260 Words   |  9 Pageseventually came to power. Slowly, they became the leaders while all of the other classes were left behind. The modern bourgeois created a manufacturing system that took control over the feudal system when it was no longer able to meet demands and supply goods. The world market that we live in today is the result of our â€Å"Modern Industry†. This free market society forced societies to fend for themselves, leaving behind their patriarchal ways, while the bourgeoisie continued to thrive. The bourgeoisie, whereverRead MoreWomen s Rights Throughout Marjane Satrapi s Persepolis And History Essay2310 Words   |  10 PagesWomen’s Rights Throughout Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis and History: 1979-1995 Before the Iranian Revolution, many women in Iran took possession of many basic opportunities and rights. These rights included the ability to wear less of full coverage clothing, freedom of speech, a much better equality standing with men, having the Family Protection Law, all while making progress in participation of education. In 1925 when Reza Shah Pahlavi came into power, life in Iran took a conservative turn for allRead MoreUnderstanding Societal Wealth and Inequality Thesis Statement on What Can Help Society (Hybrid of Capitalism and Communism)3650 Words   |  15 Pagessociety is useless without the working force of the society (Smith). Every human being in a society is entitled to the wealth provided by the society because when people are created they didn’t place a part of the society to them naturally. The moment people start claiming the wealth of the nation; many people will be left out. This is called private wealth which causes inequality amongst people in a community. Even if private wealth was a good thing, greed which is part of human nature makes it very badRead MoreThe Break With Rome By William Shakespeare4767 Words   |  20 Pagesprocess through a series of causes and not so much an ’event’. There are many debated causes of the Break between historians that argue over their validity and importance as to whether or not the cause was actually real and had big enough motives behind it to lead on to such a bigger event. The main causes that have been debated over for century’s are: the inability of Catherine of Aragon to provide a male Heir for King Henry that he so desperatel y desired to have, the love obsession with Anne BoleynRead MoreAnalysis of Roddy Doyle ´s A Star Called Henry Essay3134 Words   |  13 Pagestoday. Strong, peerless figures who represented the tales and allegories of Irish history will be present in these historical events, stories that were bequeathed down through generations, narratives that were adopted and which inspired every young child to acclaim to his or her hero. But what constitutes the right to be branded a hero? To many, a father figure may simply be their exemplification of a hero. Evident in Roddy Doyle’s A Star called Henry, we follow the protagonist, Henry Smart’s life

Religion and Individualism - 3105 Words

Lilit Markosyan Different countries have different cultures, traditions and values. They represent the image of the nation, people’s mentality, how they think and behave, and what they strive for and struggle for. With the help of them we judge of what is important in life of a person, of a nation, of a country. America is not an exception. Despite the great number of various ethnic groups that inhabit United States, there are things that unite all the people. Among them are such values like freedom and independence that entirely characterize America. The American founding fathers felt that this concept was of utmost importance when they were deciding what the United States Of America would be and how it would function. In the second†¦show more content†¦The prayers of both could not be answered; that of neither has been answered fully. The Almighty has His own purposes.† He insisted that there were no unbridgeable differences. Both were God fearing people and worked hard. He went on to describe the strange fact that both sides pray to the same God for a successful resolution and improvement of each of their ideals. Both could not win. It was providence that willed that slavery should be abolished and in his speech, which was almost like a prayer, he hoped to calm both. Lincoln suggested that the cause of the war was the North and the Souths common sin of slavery. He continued, Fondly do we hope - fervently do we pray - that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue, until all the wealth piled by the bond-mans 250 years of unrequited toil shall be sunk and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, so as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether. He uses religious imagery to enlist the belief that God is against slavery. Lincoln placed the outcome of the war into the hands of God to whom all seemed to be praying, saying that whatever Gods desire on these issues would be, that would decide the fate. He said that if it is Gods will that the war should continue until all funds beShow MoreRelatedThe Puritan Views Of Puritans860 Words   |  4 PagesThe Puritans led their lives accor ding to a strict moral code, centered around religion, which they had followed and conformed to. In addition conformity, Puritans believed, was crucial to uniting the community, and therefore resulted in anti-individualistic beliefs. However, when they deviated from the religious code they were threatened with banishment from the community and often experienced public shaming. Also the Puritans, whom had come to the colonies seeking religious freedom for themselvesRead MoreIndividualism And Secularism In The Renaissance867 Words   |  4 PagesIndividualism and Secularism were ideas that were introduced in the Renaissance and became fairly popular with the citizens who had experienced this time period. Secularism and Individualism though separate terms have a lot in common. They both have to do with separation of church from daily life. Secularism separating the government, and individualism pushing people to look less at what the Bible said and more at what was relative to thei r day to day lives. The emphasis on these two ideas duringRead MoreEssay on Western Civilization1179 Words   |  5 Pagesthis course in terms of progress, they will be religion, humanism, individualism and secularism. I will discuss these concepts within the countries of England, France, and Russia, and show my point of view on each. Religion was very dominant throughout the early history in England, especially during the 16th and 17th centuries. This started to change during the late 17th century, when people started focusing more on human reason rather than religion. One of the reasons that people started losingRead MoreAlexis de Tocquevilles Democracy in America Essay example982 Words   |  4 Pageswhich he expressed the ability to make democracy work. Throughout his travels Tocqueville noted that private interest and personal gain motivated the actions of most Americans, which in turn cultivated a strong sense of individualism. Tocqueville believed that this individualism would soon sap the virtue of public life (395) and create a despotism of selfishness. This growth of despotism would be created by citizens becoming too individualistic, and therefore not bothering to fulfill their civicRead MoreA Portrait Of An Artist1522 Words   |  7 PagesIn James Joyce’s novel A Portrait of an Artist, he exe mplifies the impact of religion and a lost identity within his character, Stephen Dedalus’ life through heresy, sin, epiphany and redemption. Stephen goes through various changes throughout the novel in order decipher his identity through his Catholic religion. Stephen’s religion influences him to become someone he is not by the strict conformity of his parents, the catholic church and the priests. The arduous combat Stephen comes to face is whetherRead MoreA Brief Note On Western Culture And Individualism1107 Words   |  5 PagesHistorical Framework: Individualism means that they are solely depending on that individual person (Ayn, 1). There is no â€Å"we† in the way that an individualist person would think (Culturematters.com). Western culture and individualism is derived from knowledge and emphasis on the individual person. Western culture is open to anyone in any race, cultural background, age, and gender. Therefore, history has changed itself throughout the years when it comes to the way we think. If you refer back toRead MoreEssay on American Culture: Individualism1091 Words   |  5 PagesHollywood and Disney World. Underneath the layers of TV advertising and hyper-consumerism, there is a cultural DNA that makes America what it is. Here is a brief look at several cultural â€Å"genes† that influence the way Americans think and act. Individualism Individualism is a way of life by which a person places his or her own desires, needs, and comforts above the needs of a broader community. This does not mean that Americans have no concern for other people, but it does mean that they give high priorityRead MoreCritical Analysis of Alex de Tocquevilles Democracy in America1366 Words   |  6 Pagesdownfall of democracy. Throughout his travels he noticed that private interest and personal gain motivated the actions of most Americans. He believed this cultivated a new concept, the concept of individualism. He believed this individualism was one of the greatest threats to democracy. He believed individualism would eventually sap the virtue of public life and create a despotism of selfishness. This growth of selfishness would be facilitated by citizens becoming too individualistic. They would, thereforeRead MoreHabits of the Heart793 Words   |  4 Pagesa culture. The first tradition is the biblical tradition followed by the re publican tradition , the utilitarian individualism and expressive individualism. All four of these traditions combine to make up the culture in which everyone in the world lives. My ideal culture would consist of 40% of the republican tradition, 30% of utilitarian individualism, 25% of expressive individualism, and 5% of the biblical tradition. I believe that if each of these traditions is given the proportions I listedRead MoreThe Renaissance Prince Essay853 Words   |  4 Pagescontrolling the land, although the church would still have a hand in government. It would no longer shun the vast stores of knowledge created in the past and ignored for a thousand years, although opponents would remain. The ideas of humanism, individualism, and secularism would come to play a role in society as they had in the past. Niccolo Machiavelli lived in a time when the Renaissance was at its peak, and, as a part of it, manifested its ideas in his works. His most famous piece, The Prince

Hunger Games Review Free Essays

Action packed adventures, intense, love triangles, suspenseful twists of the plot, and witty remarks are all thrown across the pages of a book titled â€Å"The Hunger Games† by Suzanne Collins. The book was looked upon by many teenagers as if it was a sacred treasure meant to be read by a select few. I was driven by both madness and curiosity to uncover how such a book would deserve this much attention. We will write a custom essay sample on Hunger Games Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now To my surprise, â€Å"The Hunger Games† demonstrated a well thought plot, conflicting love, triangle and intense life or death matters. The story is set in the post, apocalyptic country of Panem, where America once stood. The country is divided into 12 districts and ruled by a dictating government known as the Capitol. The heroine, 16 year old Katniss Everdeen lives in the Seam, located in the poorest region; District 12. At one point, there was a District 13, but it was consequently destroyed for leading a war against the Capitol. The rest of the districts gave up easily and were forced to follow the cynical Capitol, avoiding the same fate as District 13. Accompanied by Katniss is heartthrob Gale Hawthorne; the leading lady’s best friend. Gale and Katniss have been hunting together at the woods near the outlying district. They’re content using the animals they’ve caught for food for their family or for a trade of money. Suddenly, everything for Katniss changes when she is faced with the decision to take the place of her sister at the Annual Hunger Games; a brutal, televised event that pits 24 teenagers from the ages of 12 to 17 to fight until there is one standing. One boy and girl are picked from each district and are orced to participate as tributes. This is the punishment that all districts must go through. It’s the Capitol’s way of reminding the nation once more that they are in charge and can send children off to combat without anyone’s say in it. Katniss’s decision to join the games leaves her accompanied by an old flame, Peeta Melark; the baker’s son. The way Collins devel oped each character thoroughly with distinct differences leads you to ponder which of the two, Peeta or Gale, is right for Katniss. Both Katniss and Peeta took notice of each other from afar and are connected by a single moment. On a rainy day at the Seam, Katniss is faced with little to no money and doesn’t have any food to offer to her family. She sits hunched over outside the bakery until Peeta walks up to her and offers her bread from his bakery. From that moment on, Peeta is nicknamed the boy with the bread. This act of kindness sets him off as frail and kind; unlike Gale, who is seen as tough and aggressive. By increasing her chance of survival, Katniss and Peeta are publicly announced as star crossed lovers and must defend each other in the arena. All the while, it is evident that Gale has feelings for her yet he must watch the girl he loves the most fall into the arms of someone else. Katniss is torn between the boy she left back home to the boy with the bread. Throughout the book, her thoughts and feelings often clash with one another and she has been reluctant to go to both Peeta and Gale. The games are held at a remote arena filled with many surprises. Katniss is doing whatever it takes to survive the unknown. She somewhat acts like a babysitter to Peeta by protecting him from every little thing. What surprised me the most was just how easily she was willing to kill children for the sake of her life. At this point, she has been made a pawn by the Capitol, and the Capitol is winning. She makes friends, and loses friends. The weather is constantly changing and the tributes slowly start to die off. Katniss must also battle with other tributes for the limited amount of food and water supply left. It is very startling to even imagine myself in her position. Everyone there wants to survive yet not everyone is even lucky enough to get through the first day. The seemingly endless battle drove me insane! I can’t imagine how hard it would be to go to sleep with the thought of not making it out alive the next day. The heart breaking thing to do is ally with a complete stranger. Katniss has been faced with many and must make a choice as the number of survivors left start thinning down. I highly recommend this book to anyone who has an interest in a thought provoking story line, romance, and life or death situations. This book will keep you up at night even after finishing it. This fast paced story will keep you reading with excitement. Sources http://www.thehungergames.co.uk/ How to cite Hunger Games Review, Papers

Balance between Conformity and Resistance Essay Example For Students

Balance between Conformity and Resistance Essay Balance between Conformity and ResistanceAccording to Leon Mann, conformity means yielding to group pressures. Everyone is a a member of one group or another and everyone expects members of these groups tobehave in certain ways. Fear of humiliation can lead to conformity. People agree with others because they fear being ridiculed, or being isolated from the society. They fear the idea of not being a part of the whole. Society tries to place many regulations on us as individuals as to what is admissible and what is not. We must decide for ourselves whether to conform or not to specific rules and regulation. Conformity is an important aspect of life in our society and allows us to live a free life without the pressure of being different and being an outsider. We have to obey rules to havethe good and desirable life we are hoping to achieve. If we did not pay taxes, we would nothave schools and the education to make a good paycheck for a desirable living. Wewould not have all the comforts that make our life so much more relaxed and appealing. Ifwe did not have any laws, and everybody did what they think is right, we probably would not be alive anymore. Our whole society would crash and we would have killed each other by now.On the other side, comfort and stability should not stand over the suffering of others or our own misery. Sometimes we have to stand up for others and we shout not ignore our own wishes just to keep the freedom. When I came to the United States, I started working in a factory to make a living. I did not speak much English at that time and some treated me very badly and others ignored me, like I did not even exist. For a while, nobody was there to explain or train me for my job and I messed up a lot, not knowing better. The worst part was that my feelings were very hurt because I could not understand why I was treated that way, not doing anything wrong to anybody there. Just when I was ready to quit my job, because I started getting badly depressed, a lady came up to me asking if I would like to sit next to her at break time. She said she feels awfully bad for me sitting there all by myself and she apologized for her coworkers behavior. I still remember how everybody stared at us in the lunch room but she acted like she did not notice. The same day others came over to me starting a conversation and soon after I was accepted from most. I will never forget how much difference that lady made to me, because she stood up for a total stranger. She showed me the importance of standing up for somebody regardless of others beliefs. Henry David Thoreau claims in his writing He who gives himself entirely to his fellow men appears to them useless and selfish; but he who gives himself partially to them is pronounced a benefactor and philanthropist. (p. 217) In order to be satisfied in our lives we have to make sacrifices. Maybe we are making less money because we cannot conform to a companys rules, but we are certainly more happy not having to obey rules we cannot fully accept. Often we hear people complaining about issues, but mostly they are only complaining to their families and friends. The complainer is not changing his situation with this and stays dissatisfied and makes their listener feel helpless also. My husband, who is at college for four years now, keeps complaining since the beginning from college about the out-of-class groups. Even thoug I always understood his point, he is working full time and do not have the time for it, there was nothing I could do to change it. I only could tell him to go to the school board and let them know about his situation and they may be able to help. I believe that if he is paying for his education he should have a word on how his education is handled. .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f , .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f .postImageUrl , .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f , .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f:hover , .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f:visited , .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f:active { border:0!important; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f:active , .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John Deere and Complex Parts Inc. Essay It is so

Motorcycles Essays - Land Transport, Transport, Outdoor Recreation

Motorcycles In 1868 Ernest and Pierre Michaux of France, experimented with a steam-powered bicycle. This engine was to big and heavy to really do much other than be a good idea. In 1868, steam powered motors was all that they had. The idea of a motor-powered bicycle had not come around again until 1884 when the gas powered combustion engine was a fairly common thing. In 1884 a man from England named Edward Butler attached a motor to his son's tricycle. Then four months later he attached a larger motor to his own custom tricycle. Every one thought that this idea was the best. Well the news got out to a German named Gottlieb Daimler. Daimler thought that he had to make one of the machines. But Daimler's machine was different. Daimler's machine had an ordinary bicycle for a frame instead of a tricycle. Daimler finally got his motor bicycle completed in1886. Soon after Daimler had finished his bike he lost interest in two wheels and went on to pioneer the automobile. These three machines were the birth of motorcycle. The first really successful motorcycle was built in 1901. The people who built it were Michael and Eugene Werner. They adopted the classic style of motorcycle that is used today with the motor between your legs and underneath the gas tank. The word "motorcycle" wasn't really even used until the end of the twentieth century. Motorcycle meant and bicycle or tricycle with an engine. Some of the kinds of motorcycles were two-wheeled bikes, three-wheeled bikes, mini-bikes, mopeds, and motor scooters. The scooter was extremely popular in Italy. Motorcycle racing began in 1897. The first official race was in Richmond, Surrey, England. Most of the racing back then was either city-to-city or informal road races. Starting at about 1905 closed-circuit racing was big among racers. First of all it was easier. All you had to do was turn one way, and go around a track for a certain number of times. Pretty much all of these bikes were twin cylinder bikes with about a 35 cubic inch motor, or 433 cubic centimeters. This changed in 1904 when Harley-Davidson made their first bike. It had a 45 cubic inch (750 cubic centimeters) V-twin motor. Other people then soon adapted their bikes to have bigger engines. The exception to closed circuit racing is the Tourist Trophy race that originated on the Isle of Man in 1907. The Tourist Trophy was first set at 37 miles but was later changed to 38? miles. This race was the first sponsored race. It was sponsored by Triumph Bikes for a promotion. This marked a major mile stone for motorcycle racing. In the early 1900's if you wanted a motor cycle you either had to make one your self or have someone with a good mechanic background make one. If you wanted to buy one, it was really expensive. If you wanted to make one, it would take you a lot of time. This problem was solved in 1904. Two manufacturers, Harley-Davidson and Triumph, started to manufacture their bikes. These bikes were fairly expensive. There was a lot of labor to these bikes. They had to make each fit just right. Because of this reason they could only manufacture about 10 bikes a year. But the industry wanted, and needed these bikes. It was a cheaper way of traveling from place to place. Even when the automobile many people still had scooters or motorcycles because they were cheaper and easier to operate. Many people who wanted to deliver things from town to town, that didn't like the speed of a horse and buggy, bought these bikes. The bike became a major part in our lives. In 1913, the Chicago police department started to experiment with motorcycles. There were now half-a-dozen different companies in the U.S. and about a dozen internationally, including Norton, BSA, and Vincent. Motorcycles were becoming huge everywhere. Then the Great Depression came along and motorcycles were scarcer. Gas was hard to come by. The motorcycle was more commonly used than automobiles because they had way better gas mileage. Once the Great Depression only three American brands remained, Harley-Davidson, Indian, and Triumph. Motorcycles were now commonly used for racing or for pleasure. Cars became more popular because they had a longer season to be used. Bikes gradually evolved until 1958 when the first four-cylinder motorcycle was made. Many people were going away from the classic look and buying Asian bike like Kawasaki, Honda, Suzuki, and then later Yamaha. These bikes had a noticeably

Free Essays on Resolving Conflict In Work Teams

Resolving Conflict in Work Teams A major advantage a team has over an individual is its diversity of resources, knowledge, and ideas. However, diversity also produces conflict. As more and more organizations restructure to work teams the need for training in conflict resolution will continue to grow. Varney (1989) reports that conflict remained the number-one problem for most of the teams operating within a large energy company, even after repeated training sessions on how to resolve conflict and how to minimize the negative impact on team members. One reason for this may be that mangers and other leaders within organizations are not giving the issue of resolving conflict enough attention. Varney's research showed that although most managers are aware of disagreements and have received training in conflict resolution, they seldom assign a high priority to solving conflict problems. With this in mind, it is critical that team members possess skills to resolve conflict among them. Conflict arises from differences. When individuals come together in work teams their differences in terms of power, values and attitudes, and social factors all contribute to the creation of conflict. It is often difficult to expose the sources of conflict. Conflict can arise from numerous sources within a team setting and generally falls into three categories: communication factors, structural factors and personal factors (Varney, 1989). Barriers to communication are among the most important factors and can be a major source of misunderstanding. Communication barriers include poor listening skills; insufficient sharing of information; differences in interpretation and perception; and nonverbal cues being ignored or missed. Structural disagreements include the size of the organization, turnover rate, levels of participation, reward systems, and levels of interdependence among employees. Personal factors include things such as an individual's self-esteem, ... Free Essays on Resolving Conflict In Work Teams Free Essays on Resolving Conflict In Work Teams Resolving Conflict in Work Teams A major advantage a team has over an individual is its diversity of resources, knowledge, and ideas. However, diversity also produces conflict. As more and more organizations restructure to work teams the need for training in conflict resolution will continue to grow. Varney (1989) reports that conflict remained the number-one problem for most of the teams operating within a large energy company, even after repeated training sessions on how to resolve conflict and how to minimize the negative impact on team members. One reason for this may be that mangers and other leaders within organizations are not giving the issue of resolving conflict enough attention. Varney's research showed that although most managers are aware of disagreements and have received training in conflict resolution, they seldom assign a high priority to solving conflict problems. With this in mind, it is critical that team members possess skills to resolve conflict among them. Conflict arises from differences. When individuals come together in work teams their differences in terms of power, values and attitudes, and social factors all contribute to the creation of conflict. It is often difficult to expose the sources of conflict. Conflict can arise from numerous sources within a team setting and generally falls into three categories: communication factors, structural factors and personal factors (Varney, 1989). Barriers to communication are among the most important factors and can be a major source of misunderstanding. Communication barriers include poor listening skills; insufficient sharing of information; differences in interpretation and perception; and nonverbal cues being ignored or missed. Structural disagreements include the size of the organization, turnover rate, levels of participation, reward systems, and levels of interdependence among employees. Personal factors include things such as an individual's self-esteem, ...

Attitude, behavior, & high quality of customer relationship management Research Proposal

Attitude, behavior, & high quality of customer relationship management influences on the Saudi consumer buying decision - Research Proposal Example In this context, customer service is the cornerstone on which customer relationship depends to a considerable extent. In other words, customer service determines and influences customer relationship and enables the business firms to develop positive relationship with customers. Customer service represents an integrated and comprehensive set of business processes and practices delivered by business firms to the customers. Business organisations worldwide strive to deliver an enhanced and enriched set of customer services in order to entail high customer satisfaction (Shoult, 2006). It has also been identified that customer buying decision influences by the customer service significantly. High quality and positive customer services attract customers in purchasing or availing particular products and services. On the other hand, low quality and poor customer service led the customers to switch over to other competitors. This act on the part of customers of switching over to other competitors affects image and reputation of business firms negatively. This situation of switching over other competitors prevails more significantly in case of Saudi Arabian business firms. The present research study aims at identifying and analyzing level of customer service in Saudi Arabian firms like airlines, banks, telecommunication companies, hospitals, restaurants and many more. The variables affecting Saudi Arabian consumers’ decision like price, quality, after sales services, competing offers and many more will also be discussed in the underlying study. The selection of research methods, data collection strategies and approaches will also be done in accordance with overall purpose and aims of the study. The research problem acts as a founding stone for the study as it paves the path for organising and conducting other sections of the research process. In light of this, research

Fascist Regimes of Italy and Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fascist Regimes of Italy and Germany - Essay Example Contradictions to the ideology are liberalism, democracy, conservatism, individualism and capitalism and criticism against the state is forbidden. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini are two of the most infamous fascist leaders of the twentieth century, but did their leaderships also embrace totalitarianism Hitler and Mussolini were dictators; they governed without the consent of the people. A dictatorship is the foundation of the governing power and totalitarianism relates to the scope of the power of those who govern, most dictatorships tend to be totalitarian as if the power does not come directly from the people as it does in a democracy then the scope of power has no limits and therefore all aspects of life can be controlled. Fascism is juxtaposed with totalitarianism in this sense as the subordination of citizens advances the states interests of total control. Nazism and Fascism arose form right wing extremism and can be distinguished from left wing totalitarianism, namely communism in that right wing ideology seeks to enforce private ownership of wealth whilst left wing, namely communist totalitarianism seek to maintain collective ownership. Each strand is defined by social class. The ideology of fascism is mainly the working of the philosopher Giovanni Gentile. The emphasis was placed on the individuals need to become completely subordinate to the state. Under Hitler’s rule many characteristics of a totalitarian state can be shown, for example there was censorship of media, removing freedom of speech enabled the government to influence public opinion via propaganda which proved a highly effective methods of control. Nazis soon realized that mass media communication was of great importance and became aware of the Medias influence over the populous. The methods of communication available in the era were used as a means to convince the masses that Hitler had overwhelming support. This effectively constitutes a totalitarian leader. The manipulation of the masses brought about hysteria and a state of belief that through carefully planned and scripted radio, broadcasts rallies and publications persuaded the public that Hitler's idea of utopia was unavoidable. Secret police in the form of the Gestapo were in place to arrest so called enemies of the state and were removed from public life to concentration camps. Genocide was the most outrageous acts of his rule, Jews across Germany's territory were slaughtered on mass scales as they did not fit in to Hitler's Utopian ideal. White supremacy was at the forefront of his thinking and Nazism continues to exist in today's society. Nazism, Fascist ideology and policies espoused and practiced by Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist German Worker's Party from 1920-1945 were typical of totalitarian ideology. A Master Race to rule the world over other races was the ambition, and a violent hatred of Jews, whom Hitler blamed for all of the problems of Germany were on his agenda. Extreme nationalism was also demonstrative of totalitarian ideology. Hitler wanted to create a Master Race, uniting German speaking people into a great and singular

Strategies for Motivating Resistant Elementary School Students in Research Paper

Strategies for Motivating Resistant Elementary School Students in Urban Communities - Research Paper Example The intention of this study is education as one of the most imperative and essential components at all times for every individual in order to become successful and flourish or prosper in his or her life. Therefore, the value and significance of field of education cannot come under ignorance by any person in the world. Moreover, it has come to an observation that in the twenty first century of modern world, the essence, and prominence of education has intensified and augmented to paramount heights. Although, every culture represents the value and role of knowledge, yet a good quality primary or elementary education is vital and indispensable in every culture. Since the world is in a phase of experiencing novel and innovative advancements and developments in the contemporary world, this has brought constructive modifications and improvements in the education and learning practice and curriculums for the students. Moreover, the teaching methods and techniques are also changing and has b ecome an ongoing process on a continual basis that is leaving an ineradicable impression on to the performances of the students and their progress. Education is moreover a process where the students obtain and escalate their knowledge, understanding and wisdom that comes under enlightenment, explication, and elucidation for their areas of interests. These areas of interests of the students then become their fields of expertise and proficiency with the advance level of education. However, it has come under strong examination that numerous students do not even get the opportunity to acquire the primary or elementary education due to several reasons out of which the poor financial conditions lies on the first position. This observation has come under vision and analysis especially in the underdeveloped nations. While on the other hand, it has also come under sight that the developed nations due to their strong economical conditions are able to provide the students with quality educatio n that not only suspends

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne The scarlet letter A has a close interrelation to the novels thematic structure which is centered on the three scaffold scenes in chapter 2, chapter 12, and chapter 23. At the first scaffold scene, the author introduces the theme of sin, judgement and the religion. Dimmesdales moral conflict is shown on the second scaffold scene which symbolizes the center of conscience. At the last scaffold scene, Dimmesdale can escape from his guilt and reconciles with Hester. When when Dimmesdale dies, Chillingworth doesnt need for his revenge. And Pearl can have a life that is filled with love and happiness. Thus, the scarlet letter A affects the lives of the main characters, and it makes them be related with the symbol A: Hester Prynnes free will and adulterous relationship with Arthur Dimmesdale provoke the anger of Roger Chillingworth, Dimmesdales passion leads him to his ruin, and Chillingworths search for the seducer of his wife implies the evil of the nature of man. Hypocritical effort to conceal their secret sins have Arthur Dimmesdale, Hester Prynne, and Roger Chillingworth collapse. This kind of hypocrisy and the harsh and inhumane system make Hawthorn be disappointed with the Puritan society. Hawthorn criticizes this inhumane hypocrisy with the technique of tragic irony in the novel. For example, the irony of Dimmesdales situation is that he becomes imperfect by trying be perfect. The more his followers regard him as a saint, the more he should dismiss himself as the vilest of all sinners. Thus, the story is full of tragic irony, and the authors purposes are well represented by it. Paraphrase At the outset, Hester with black eyes and dark hair stands on the scaffold, holding her baby of three months old. With the scarlet letter A on her bosom, she stands for three hours on the scaffold. Though she is stigmatized by the scarlet letter on her breast, she has to withstand the public glances. Meanwhile, The Reverend Mr. Wilson delivers his speech about sin and emphasizes the symbolism of the letter A. He persuades Hester to uncover the father of her child, but she does not speak at all. She suddenly sees s Chillingworth, her husband, standing in the crowd. He makes a gesture with his fingers in order not to disclose his identity. Back in her prison, she is in a state of nervous frenzy. That evening, Chillingworth visits her in prison. She has an interview with him when he enters the dark prison as a physician who takes care of the distraught state of her after the public ordeal. She confesses to her husband that she does not feel any love for him. She admits that she has greatly wronged him with the letter of her shame, but she does not want to tell him who the childs father is. Asking her to promise never to reveal his true identity as her husband, Chillingworth decides to discover the father of Pearl. Three years after her releases from imprisonment, Hester does not leave Boston instead of moving into a small seaside shanty on the outskirts of Boston. She makes her living by doing stitchwork for local dignitaries, and spends her time helping the poor and the sick. She slowly gains respect from the people of Boston. Her skill at needlework, her acts of kindness, and her self-reliance make her scarlet letter stand for something other than adultery. Meanwhile, the Puritan authorities force Hester to give up her child, because an immoral woman like her is unfit to bring up a child. The governor Bellingham persuades Hester to raise Pearl in a Christian way and tries to take her away from Hester, but she does not give her up. As the years pass, Pearl grows up and becomes Hesters happiness and torture. Roger Chillingworth gets a good reputation as a physician, and becomes the medical adviser of Dimmesdale, giving him medical consultations. Because their intimate friendship develops, Dimmesdale even speaks of his personal matters to Chillingworth, and it makes them live in the same house together. Chillingworth finds that Dimmesdale is deeply concerned with Hester. Chillingworth eventually recognizes that Dimmesdale is the father of Pearl, and he decides to revenge. In order to get a confession from Dimmsdale, Chillingworth cautiously drives him to feel sinful. Dimmesdale stands on the scaffold one night. While he is standing there, Hester and Pearl come. Dimmesdale calls them to the scaffold, and they mount. The three of them stand hand-in-hand there. At the same instant, Chillingworth is again present. He cruelly watches them standing on the scaffold. Meanwhile, Dimmesdale tells Hester that he is afraid of Chillingworth. Hester realizes that Dimmsdale is slowly being killed by Chillingworth, so she decides to help him. Four years have gone by. Hesters position in the community has risen because of her charity. Her scarlet letter A now stands for Able. Meanwhile, Dimmesdales suffering makes his sermon become more humane. One day Hester sees Chillingworth picking herbs in the seashore, and she asks him to stop torturing Dimmesdale, and she tells him that she will disclose the fact that he is her husband to Dimmesdale. While Hester and Pearl are taking a walk in the forest, they meet Dimmesdale. He looks despaired as if he doesnt have any desire to live. He confesses his misery and unhappiness. Hester realizes that she still loves Dimmesdale, so she reveals the identity of Chillingworth as her husband. She asks him to forgive her deception. When Dimmesdale hears from Hester that Chillingworth is her husband, he is furious at first, but finally forgives her. They agree to leave this Puritan community and go to Europe together with Pearl. Dimmesdale believes that Europe offers more civilization and refi nement, so going to Europe is the better choice. Returning from the forest, Dimmesdale decides to expose himself for the peace of his own soul by confessing his sin in front of the whole congregation. He writes the Election Sermon with tremendous inspiration. The sermon is successful. Meanwhile, on the day when Hester finds a ship that will carry all three of them to Europe, Chillingworth asks the ships captain to take him on board. After Dimmsdale finishes his sermon, he beckons to Hester and Pearl to come. They go to the scaffold and stand there together in his penitence. Chillingworth tries to stop them, Dimmesdale uncovers the secret of his sin to the crowd. After telling the people that he is a sinner like Hester. He dies on the scaffold. After Dimmesdales death, Hester goes to Europe with her daughter. Pearl happily marries there, but Hester returns to Boston alone. She never removes her scarlet letter. When she dies, she is buried next to Dimmesdale. Her tombstone shares a scarlet letter A. with Dimmsdales. Connotation 1. Simile .I happened to place it on my breastIt seemed to me then, that I experienced a sensation not altogether physical, yet almost so, as of a burning heat; and as if the letter were not of red cloth, but red-hot iron. I shuddered, and involuntarily let it fall upon the floor. (P 30) The letter A is compared to burning heat or red hot iron: It shows the connections between spiritual perception of sin and the physical manifestation.(Simile) 2. Simile It might be, too, that a witch, like old Mistress Hibbins, the bitter tempered widow of the magistrate, was to die upon the gallows.(P 63) a witch, like old Mistress Hibbins: A witch is compared to old Mistress Hibbins.(Simile) 3. Onomatopoeia, Metaphor Ah, but, interposed, more softly, a young wife, holding a child by the hand, let her cover the mark as she will, the pang of it will be always in her heart.(P 66) pang.(Onomatopoeia) Pang in her heart is compared to sin as pain.(Metaphor) 4. Assonance, Alliteration On the breast of her gown, in fine red cloth, surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold-thread, appeared the letter A. It was so artistically done, and with so much fertility and gorgeous luxuriance of fancy, that it had all the effect of a last and fitting decoration to the apparel which she wore; and which was of a splendor in accordance with the taste of the age, but greatly beyond what was allowed by the sumptuary regulations of the colony. (P 68) elaborate embroidery.(Assonance) fantastic flourishes.(Alliteration) 5. Imagery Never! Replied Hester Prynne, looking, not at Mr. Wilson, but into the deep and troubled eyes of the younger clergyman Dimmesdale. It is too deeply branded. Ye cannot take it off. And would that I might endure his agony, as well as mine! (P 91) deeply branded: Her sin is burned into her like branded cattle.(Imagery) 6. Simile Thy acts are like mercy, said Hester, bewildered and appalled. But thy words interpret thee as a terror! (P 101) Thy acts are like mercy: Chillingworths act is compared to the mercy on Hester.(Simile) thy words interpret thee as a terror: Chillingworths words are compared to a terror.(Simile) 7. Alliteration, Assonance, Imagery But there is a fatality, a feeling so irresistible and inevitable that it has the force of doom, which almost invariably compels human beings to linger around and haunt, ghostlike, the spot where some great and marked event has given the color to their lifetime; and still the more irresistibly, the darker the tinge that saddens it. (P 105) a fatality, a feeling.(Alliteration) irresistible and inevitable.(Assonance) Linger, haunt, ghostlike is image of Hesters mind.(Imagery) 8. Alliteration, Imagery But it is not recorded that, in a single instance, her skill was called in aid to embroider the white veil which was to cover the pure blushes of a bride. (P 110) blushes of a bride.(Alliteration) White veil is the images of purity and absence of sin.(Imagery) 9. Alliteration, Simile She stood apart from moral interests, yet close beside them, like a ghost that revisits the familiar fireside and can no longer make itself seen or felt, no more smile with the household joy, nor mourn with the kindred sorrow; or, should it succeed in manifesting its forbidden sympathy, awakening only terror and horrible repugnance. (P 112) familiar fireside (Alliteration) like a ghost: Hester is compared to a ghost.(Simile) 10. Symbol, Imagery Throughout all, however, there was a trait of passion, a certain depth of hue.The child could not be made amenable to rules.The mothers impassioned state had been the medium through which were transmitted to the unborn infant the rays of its moral life; and, however white and clear originally, they had taken the deep stains of crimson and gold, the fiery lustre, the black shadow, and the untempered light of the intervening substance. Above all, the warfare of Hesters spirit, at that epoch, was perpetuated in Pearl. (P 121) Pearl is a symbol of Hesters sin (symbol) White and clear, crimson and gold, the fiery lustre, and the black shadow are the dual image about morality.(Imagery) 11. Symbol, Imagery I am my mothers child, answered the scarlet vision, and my name is Pearl! (P 154) Pearl is a symbol of her mother sin. In a way, Hester traded in everything she had; her marriage, her standing in a community.(Symbol) Christian image, Pearl of great price from Matthew 13:45-46.(Imagery) 12. Metaphor After putting her finger in her mouth, with many ungracious refusals to answer good Mr. Wilsons questions, the child finally announced that she had not been made at all, but had been plucked by her mother off the bush of wild roses that grew by the prison-door.(p 157) Pearl is being a wild roses.(Metaphor) 13. Simile, Imagery Roger Chillingworth the man of skill, the kind and friendly physician- strove to go deep into his patients bosom, delving among his principles, prying into his recollections, and probing everything with a cautious touch, like a treasure-seeker in a dark cavern. Few secrets can escape an investigator, who has opportunity and license to undertake such a quest, and skill to follow it up. A man burdened with a secret should especially avoid the intimacy of his physician. (P 177) Treasure is compared to the seeker in a dark cavern (Simile) Being able to go through someones brain and see their thoughts (Imagery) 14. Imagery When, an uninstructed multitude attempts to see with its eyes, it is exceedingly apt to be deceived. When, however, it forms its judgment, as it usually does, on the intuitions of its great and warm heart, the conclusions thus attained are often so profound and so unerring, as to possess the character of truths supernaturally revealed. (P 182) Image of group or crowd, as if these people were a single person.(Imagery) 15. Allusion Come away, mother! Come away, or yonder old Black Man will catch you! He hath got hold of the minister already. Come away, mother, or he will catch you! But he cannot catch little Pearl! (P 193) Black man is an allusion to Satan, and occasionally a reference to Chillingworth.(Allusion) 16. Implication Then I need ask no further, said the clergyman, somewhat hastily rising from his chair. You deal not, I take it, in medicine for the soul! (P 196) Medicine for the soul is implication of spiritual healing. It is the one thing Dimmesdale needs. It is as if he recognize on some level that Chillingworth cannot help him.(Implication) 17. Metaphor, Implication But, if it be the souls disease, then do I commit myself to the one Physician of the soul!But who are thou, that meddlest in this matter? that dares thrust himself between the sufferer and his God? (P 197) Physician of soul is compared to God (Metaphor) Souls disease implies that the soul can be sick in much the same way the body can be sick.(Implication) 18. Metaphor, Allusion But with what a wild look of wonder, job, and horror! With what a ghastly rapture.making itself even riotously manifest by the extravagant gesture with which he threw up his arms towards the ceiling, and stamped his foot upon the floor! Had a man seen old Roger Chillingworth, at that moment of his ecstasy, he would have had no need to ask how Satan comports himself when a precious human soul is lost to heaven, and won into his kingdom. (P 199) Chiilingworths ecstasy is compared to Satans ecstasy.(Metaphor) His kingdom is Hell: Chillingworths joy over the suffering of another person is compared to Satans happiness when a sinner sins and gets another step closer to hell.(Allusion) 19. Metaphor, Oxymoron a quiet depth of malice, hitherto latent, but active nowwhich led him to imagine a more intimate revenge than any mortal had ever wreaked upon an enemy. (P 201) Malice is metaphor for evil growing like a disease (Metaphor) Intimate revenge (Oxymoron) 20. Duality To the untrue man, the whole universe is false,- it is impalpable,- it shrinks to nothing within his grasp.The only truth that continued to give Mr. Dimmesdale a real existence on this earth was the anguish in his inmost soul (P 212) Existence or non-existence, true or false: Truth is equated to existence, and falseness is equated to non-existence. (Duality) 21. Irony Satan dropped it there, I take it, intending a scurrilous jest against your reverence. But, indeed, he was blind and foolish, as he ever and always is. A pure hand needs no glove to cover it! (P 232) Dimmesdales hand is not pure. He does need a glove to cover it in accordance with the Sextons comment. (Irony) 22. Metaphor The scarlet letter had the effect of the cross on a nuns bosom. It imparted to the wearer a kind of sacredness which enabled her to walk securely amid all peril. (P 241) The scarlet letter is a protective talisman much like an nuns cross. (Metaphor) 23. Paradox It is remarkable that persons who speculate the most boldly often conform with the most perfect quietude to the external regulations of society. (P 245) Those who behave the best secretly imagine what the sin will be like. (Paradox) 24. Imagery It lies not in the pleasure of the magistrates to take off this badge.Were I worthy to be quit of it, it would fall away of its own nature, or be transformed into something that should speak a different purport. (P 253) Fall away of its own nature is subtle image of nature.(Imagery) 25. Metaphor What choice had you? asked Roger Chillingworth. My finger, pointed at this man, would have hurled him from his pulpit into a dungeon, thence, peradventure, to the gallows!(P 256) My finger is compared to Chillingworths accusation.(Metaphor) 26. Imagery, Oxymoron, Alliteration, Metaphor Let men tremble to win the hand of woman, unless they win along with it the utmost passion of her heart! Else it may be their miserable fortune, as it was Roger Chillingworths, when some mightier touch than their own may have awakened all her sensibilities, to be reproached even for the calm content, the marble image of happiness, which they will have imposed upon her as the warm reality. (P 265) Tremble is image of fear.(Imagery) Miserable fortune.(Oxymoron) Calm content (Alliteration) Marble image of happiness is metaphor for marriage without passion. (Metaphor) 27. Symbol, Alliteration Truly do I! Answered Pearl, looking brightly into her mothers face. It is for the same reason that the minister keeps his hand over his heart! (P 269) Dimmesdales hand over his heart is symbol of his sin.(Symbol) Hand over his heart.(Alliteration) 28. Metaphor But mother, tell me now! Is there such a Black Man? And didst thou ever meet him? And is this his mark?.Once in my life I met the Black Man! said her mother. This scarlet letter is his mark! (P 279) Scarlet letter is metaphor for sin and the mark of Satan.(Metaphor) 29. Contrast Thou shalt forgive me! cried Hester, flinging herself on the fallen leaves beside him. Let God punish! Thou shalt forgive!(P 294) Contrasting who doing action: human forgives, God punishes.(Contraction) 30. Metaphor à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦That old mans revenge has been blacker than my sin. He has violated, in cold blood, the sanctity of a human heart. Thou and I, Hester, never did so!(P 294) Blacker: Degree of black is connected to the gravity of sin. Blacker means worse. Colour as degree of sin.(Metaphor) 31. Metaphor, Imagery, Onomatopoeia There played around her mouth, and beamed out of her eyes, a radiant and tender smile, that seemed gushing from the very heart of womanhood. A crimson flush was glowing on her cheek, that had been long so pale. (P 307) gushing.(Onomatopoeia) Beam, radiant, and glowing is image of light.(Imagery) Smile is compared to blood.(Metaphor) 32. Implication, Dual meanings At least, they shall say of me, thought this exemplary man, that I leave no public duty unperformed, nor ill performed! (PP 325-326) Private duties are left unperformed.(Implication) Dimmesdale is a good man, and Dimmesdale as a bad man.(Dual meanings) 33. Alliteration, Imagery Ha, tempter! Methinks thou art too late! answered the minister, encountering his eye, fearfully, but firmly. Thy power is not what it was! With Gods help, I shall escape thee now! (P 384) fearfully, but firmly.(Alliteration) Tempter is a image of Satan.(Imagery) 34. Metaphor Thou hast escaped me! he repeated more than once. May God forgive thee! said the minister. Thou, too, hast deeply sinned! (P 389) Chillingworth is compared to Satan.(Metaphor) 35. Alliteration, Onomatopoeia Hush, Hester, hush!The law was broke! the sin here so awfully revealed! let these alone be in thy thoughts! I fear! I fear! It may be that, when we forgot our God, when we violated our reverence each for the others soul, it was thenceforth vain to hope that we could meet hereafter, in an everlasting and pure reunion. (P 390) Hush, Hester, hush.(Alliteration) Hush.(Onomatopoeia) 36. Imagery that the awful symbol was the effect of the ever-active tooth of remorse, gnawing from the inmost heart outwardly, and at last manifesting Heavens dreadful judgment by the visible presence of the letter. (P 393) Tooth of remorse is painful Image. Remorse as an emotion that eats away at a person.(Imagery) 37. Oxymoron Without disputing a truth so momentous, we must be allowed to consider this version of Mr. Dimmesdales story as only an instance of that stubborn fidelity with which a mans friends-and especially a clergymans-will sometimes uphold his character, when proofs, clear as the midday sunshine on the scarlet letter, establish him a false and sin-stained creature of the dust. (P 394) stubborn fidelity: Fidelity means truth and faithfulness, but the stubborn means not changing ones judgment in light of evidence.(Oxymoron) 38. Imagery, Alliteration Hester comforted and counseled them as best she might. She assured them, too, of her firm belief, that, at some brighter period, when the world should have grown ripe for it, in Heavens own time, a new truth would be revealed, in order to establish the whole relation between man and woman on a surer ground of mutual happiness.(P 400) comforted and counsel.(Alliteration) Passage of time is the image of Heavens own time, brighter period, grown ripe.(Imagery) 39. Insinuation, Assonance, Alliteration, Imagery The angel and apostle of the coming revelation must be a woman, indeed, but lofty, pure, and beautiful; and wise, moreover, not through dusky grief, but the ethereal medium of joy; and showing how sacred love should make us happy, by the truest test of a life successful to such an end! (PP 400-401) angel and apostle (assonance) truest test (alliteration) Insinuating that women are usually pure by nature: The angel and apostle of the coming revelation must be a woman, indeed, but lofty, pure Dusky grief is the image of sinner 40. Metaphor a new grave was delved, near an old and sunken one, in that burial-ground beside which Kings Chapel has since been built. It was near that old and sunken grave, yet with a space between, as if the dust of the two sleepers had no right to mingle. Yet one tombstone served for both.(P 401) Dust is compared to the ashes of two dead people; Dimmesdale and Hester.(Metaphor) Sleepers is compared to dead people.(Metaphor) Attitude Nathaniel Hawthorne is a remarkable ironist who makes good use of the dramatic irony. He regards human beings as originally imperfect creatures. The dehumanization in a Puritan society in The Scarlet Letter is criticized with the method of tragic irony which is closely related to a dualistic view of life. Most of the characters are Puritans. They are innocent and try to build an ideal society in their own way. Such a perfect Puritan community hold its own secrets and sin within each member. This creates irony or hypocrisy and has each person feel guilty. In the novel, Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chilligworth are isolated from a normal society and they suffer from the various aspects of sin. Hypocritical action to conceal their secret sins make them collapse. Although Hester feels humility and embarrassment because of her sin, she is the only one who is spiritually free. When Dimmesdale finally uncovers his sin to the people around the scaffold, they refuse to believe that he is sinner li ke Hester. The fact that is the vulnerable minister and a secret sinner results in an endless maze of irony. Dimmesdales dual identity is shown in Hester with the shameful scarlet letter on her breast and in Chillingworth with his secret revenge for Dimmsdale. The irony of Dimmesdales situation is that he becomes imperfect by pretending to be perfect. Dimmesdale tries to appear to be a perfect man, for he thinks there is absolute good and evil in the world. By using tragic irony, Hawthorne builds up the plot which gives us constant interest in his novel. Thus, The Scarlet Letter is chiefly composed of tragic irony, and the authors purposes are well represented by it. Shift In chapter 16, Dimmesdale appears to be in despair, as if he has no purpose or desire to live whereas in chapter 18, he takes courage and decides to leave the Puritan society with Hester and his daughter, Pearl. He is reborn with great energy, He thinks everything positively. But in chapter 23, he suddenly gives up everything. He cannot act against his conscience. In this chapter, Chillingworth loses his purpose of revenge completely when Dimmesdale dies. He no longer has Dimmesdale to confess his sin. Hester also lose her love. She doesnt need feel the loneliness she has already has when Dimmesdale dies. Pearl can have a life which is full of love and happiness. In chapter 13, Hesters position in the community gradually changes because of her charity and kindness. She helps the poor and the sick. She slowly gains good reputation from the people of Boston. Her skill at needlework and the charity for the needy make her scarlet letter symbolize something other than shameful adultery. Hesters scarlet A now stands not for shame but for Able. It is no longer a token of her shameful adultery. The readers can see the shift of Dimmesdales conscience by comparing the three scaffold scenes in chapter 2, chapter 12, and chapter 23. In the first scene, he does not want to reveal his secret sin In the second scaffold scene, he confesses his sin in private at night, so it does not seem to be a public confession. In the final scaffold scene, he confesses his sin in public. At this time, his conscience finally clears. Themes This section will discuss the following four themes: sin, conscience, Puritanism, and forgiveness. Sin By choosing a Puritan society and adultery as the setting for this novel, Hawthorne is free to explore the psychological impact of sin on everyone involved. In Puritan society adultery is both a crime and a sin. As a woman whose husband is absent, Hesters pregnancy is evidence of her immoral relationship with a man, not her husband. Puritans usually impose the death penalty on adulterers, however, since Hesters husband might be dead they refrain from administering it in this case. They cannot let her sin go unpunished, so they sentence her to three years in prison, and she must wear the A on her chest for adulteress for the rest of her life. In addition, she is cast out of the community. To the Puritans, sin is like infectious disease. Hester is quarantined in the hope that her sin will not pollute the community. Puritanism is a strict version of Christianity. In other sects after Christians confess their sins and perform penance, their sins are forgiven and they receive reconciliation with God and their community. Hester for her part acknowledges her wrongdoing and endures her punishment with grace. Upon her release from prison, she mak es a living for herself and her daughter by sewing and embroidery. Her industriousness and thrift allow her to carry out many works of charity for the poor. Although her life is not a very happy one, her sin and subsequent penance create an opportunity for her spiritual development and personal growth. Dimmesdale carries the weight of sin in private. He does not make spiritual progress instead he becomes a hypocrite. Puritans expect their ministers to have high moral standards. He feels guilty that he is not living up to them. He tries to perform penance in private, but his efforts do not offer him any spiritual relief. His spiritual agony starts to affect his physical health negatively, to the point where his congregation begins to worry about him. Chillingworth has a readers sympathy in the beginning because he is a man who has been wronged by his wife. Marrying a much younger woman does not qualify as a sin. But as time passes he gives himself over to sin by seeking revenge on the man who slept with his wife. The sin of revenge physically transforms him in the following ways: accelerated aging, deformation of facial features, and the stoop in his back. He can be said to personify the phrase ugly as sin. Conscience For Hawthorne, individual conscience plays a valuable role. When a person relies on his intuition and sympathy for others, he/she is able to make good moral decisions. The Puritans, in contrast, have little use for individual conscience. In order to do what is right, a Puritan only has to follow the religious rules of community. As such individual conscience is subordinate to the religious commandments of the Bible, Hester uses her own intuition to make moral decisions, a characteristic which sets her apart from her fellow Puritans. Dimmesdales conscience torments him. The readers can see the developments of his conscience by comparing the three scaffold scenes in chapter 2, chapter 12, and chapter 23. In the first scene, he exhorts Hester to name the father, but it is clear from his double speak that he does not want his sin to be revealed. In the second scaffold scene, he is moved to confess his sin out loud, but he is alone at night, so it does not count as a public confession. In the final scaffold scene, after his election day sermon, he confesses he is Hesters partner in sin in front of the whole congregation. His conscience finally clears, but he has lived with the guilt for so long that he has no strength to live after his confession. Chillingworth starts out with a conscience as evidenced by his conversation with Hester in which he admits marrying her against her wishes is a mistake that leaves her vulnerable sin of adultery. When he suspects that the other party to adultery is still in town, he loses his conscience in direct proportion to his effort to exact revenge on Dimmesdale. With revenge as his whole motive for living, he cannot survive after Dimmesdales confession, which renders revenge useless. Puritanism Puritanism has an strong effect on The Scarlet Letter. In the novel, Hawthorne wants to describe how Puritanism in the 17th century apparently ignores the sanity of human minds in every aspect of punishment and salvation. He gives us the essence of the Puritan thoughts of Boston, including the Puritans view on mans sinful situation, and the intolerant Puritan attitude towards sinner. The Puritan leaders at that time condemn every person who fails morally and force them to face a public penitence. The Puritan laws is far from Gods divine love which embraces all sinners having imperfect nature and human weakness. Hawthorne is disappointed with the intolera

The Theme of Love in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay

The Theme of Love in William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night In Twelfth Night, Shakespeare focuses strongly on the theme of love; romantic love, friendship, brotherly and sisterly love, unrealistic love and self-love. In this essay I am going to explore these aspects and write about the different sides of love in the play, such as humour and suffering. We find that in Twelfth Night love is a very complicated thing and confusion often occurs. At the beginning of the play we find Orsino talking dramatically of his love for Olivia but actually seems to be in love with the idea of love itself. This shows that his feelings are not actually true and that he is very self-indulgent. He uses exaggerated language whilst lying in rose beds, listening to music and talking constantly to his servants of Olivia's beauty. He also compares his love to food and in this quote he is saying how he hopes his appetite will simmer when it all gets too much and he can no longer handle it. Orsino says, 'If music be the food of love, play on; give me excess of it, that surfeiting, the appetite may sicken and so die.' (I.i.1-3). Orsino seems to be rather in love with himself and assumes that Olivia will return his feelings for her. He says 'Her sweet perfections with one selfsame King!' (I.i.39). Here he compares himself to a King, which shows his self-love and arrogance. Viola's love is an example of true love in the play and she also shows no self-love unlike Orsino, Olivia and Malvolio. In scene ii, Viola is shipwrecked on the Illyrian coast and is distraught as her brother Sebastian disappeared during the storm. She shows strong love for her b... ...s he is so close to Sebastian. There is a lot of confusion and swapping of feelings in Twelfth Night. I feel that the only true love is Viola's love for Orsino as this is the only man she loves during the whole play and is the one she ends up marrying. I think Olivia seems to fall in love too easily as she thinks she can have any man. Also, Maria and Sir Toby seem to marry just for the sake of it as they are close and have no one else to really be with. Feste remains self-contained and is not driven by love or ever gets distressed by it. In Twelfth Night, Shakespeare explores love with great detail and explains it extremely well. I think that his thoughts on love and the way in which he writes about all the tangles and confusion give a lot of interest to the play making it a great play to read and also act out.

Conclusion on Poem in the Bazaar of Hyderabad Essay

Summary: It is a beautiful poem written by Sarojini Naidu. She has used good language and fluent English which is quite surprising as she is an Indian poetess. She has described the beauty of a traditional Indian market or â€Å"bazaar†. She has touched upon all five senses. We can hear the music produced by our traditional Indian musical instruments played by the musicians and the chantings of the magicians. Delicious fruits like citron, pomegranate and plum are being sold by the fruit-men, while the vendors are weighing saffron, lentil and rice (Indian staple food). The pleasant fragrance of sandalwood an henna can be smelt. Also the smell of flowers which are woven into chaplets and garlands is in the air. One can see the richness of wares in the bazaar. The poetess has metiond colours such as crimson, purple, silver, amber, azure and red. The shows what all goods are sold in an Indian bazaar. Turbans of crimson and silver, tunics of purple brocade, , mirrors with panels of amber, daggers with handle of jade, chessmen, ivor dice, anklets, wristlets, rings, bels for the fet of blue pigeons, girdles of gold, and scabbards for the king are all examples of the expensive wares sold in the bazaars of Hyderabad. Message: First of all, one must know that this poem was written during the freedom struggle of India, So Sarojini Naidu has been trying to unite the Indians to drive the British out of India. She is trying to encourage the Indians to buy goods from their traditiona bazaars rather than purchasing foreign goods. She is telling her country men to take part in Gandhiji’s Swadeshi movement and boycott all British goods. At that time the publication of Indian newspapers were banned, so writing a poem was the best way to spread this message.

Video Content Analysis Essays

Video Content Analysis Essays Video Content Analysis Essay Video Content Analysis Essay Video Content Analysis, what is it and why would I want it? White Paper by Nick Hewitson November 2005. What is Video Content Analysis? There are a number of terms used in different industries and markets to describe Video Content Analysis: Analytics Behavior Recognition Content Analysis Concept Coding Intelligent Video Object Tracking Smart CCTV They all however describe the real time use of computer vision in a security environment to monitor the CCTV camera feeds and assist the guard in his or her decision making process. The UK is the country with the most CCTV cameras deployed, with over 4 million in se. Its claimed that if you walk through London you will be watched over 300 times, however this is clearly a misconception. While it is probably true that you will be in the field of view of a CCTV camera over 300 times during your walk through London it is certainly not true that you are observed that many times for number of reasons. Firstly CCTV control rooms have fewer monitors than there are cameras, in many cases a number of cameras are sequentially displayed on a single monitor. If for example five cameras are fed into a single monitor which then you obviously have nly a 20% chance of being viewed while in any individual cameras field of vi ew. Secondly the staff in the control room are often expected to deal with other issues as well as monitoring the CCTV. They will be responsible for issuing keys, badges and permits to both staff and visitors; they are also responsible for monitoring the access control and fire alarm systems, controlling radio communications with both their own foot patrols and possibly the local Police. In addition they will need to be away from their desks for breaks to visit the restrooms etc. During this time they are ot monitoring the CCTV images. Finally the design of CCTV control rooms expects the guard to watch a large number of monitors. According to ASS International, a human can effectively watch 9-12 cameras for only 15 minutes. Security guard shifts are often 12 hours long so 1 1 hours and 45 minutes are ineffective monitoring. CCTV Today in November 2005 estimated that the probability of an event being recognised and acted upon if it was clearly in the view of a CCTV camera was less than 1 in 1000. CCTV has historically been a forensic tool not a real time crime prevention system. The principal of Video Content analysis is to use computers to monitor all of the cameras all of the time and when something unusual happens to alert the security guard to it. For example in a retail shopping centre a person running is unusual. The system can detect that a persons running but is unable to differentiate between a benign event, a teenage girl running over to greet her boyfriend, or a criminal event where someone is running out of a shop with an armload of Jeans. However if the running event is drawn to the security guards attention he is able to make that ubjective decision easily and respond appropriately. Why would I want to use Intelligent Video? The following scenario is taken from a real test of a behavioural recognition system monitoring access to parked aircraft in the USA. It shows what the advantages of computer vision over human monitoring can be. There are 8 cameras monitoring a road that passes through a tunnel, above which is an area where commercial aircraft are parked. The system was tasked with looking for cars that stopped under the bridge and people climbing up the slope towards the aircraft. Over 1 month the system reported almost 300 events where vehicles were seen stopping. 298 of these were originally classified as false alarms caused by normal traffic flow problems. One event was due to a fender bender accident and one to a breakdown. There were no attempts to approach the parked aircraft. At first evaluation, it would seem that the value of the system was negligible, all it had produced were 298 false alarms out of 300 events. Previously the cameras were monitored by a guard on conventional CCTV monitors and no events at all had been reported in the month before. It was found that the 300 events would take the guard on average less than 30 seconds each to determine the risk. So instead of employing staff 24 / 7 for 30 days to monitor the tunnel only two and a half hours man hours were required over the whole 30 day period. In addition, in the previous month the guard reported no events, given that each of the 300 events reported by the system actually took place in the test month. It is probable that a similar number actually took place previously when the guard was supposed to be watching and he didnt notice them. It is therefore highly likely that if someone had stopped a car briefly to allow a passenger to get out and approach the aircraft, the event would have been missed, while the Intelligent Video system would have caught it. The Smart CCTV system had therefore raised the effectiveness of the monitoring from zero to 100% while reducing the operating costs from 720 man hours to 2. 5 man hours of labour. When the security manager looked at the cost effectiveness on this basis, he had no hesitation in purchasing a system. Key issues to determine before looking at Video Content Analysis. What are your operational requirements? As seen above, if it is to have a minimum number of false alarms then the human operator will be more effective, he failed to report any of the traffic events under the bridge, in fact he didnt report anything at all, so his false alarm rate was zero. What percentage of the cameras is best monitored by computer vision, and what percentage is better monitored by a human operator? In general, today computers do better on the cameras where nothing much happens (and therefore guards get bored) and people do better in busy scenarios where occlusion between people akes it hard for the software. A good example is an embassy that has a back alley where no one ever goes. This is covered by a CCTV camera and this was the only camera out of about 50 that was implemented at the beginning. The embassy realised that no one paid attention to this camera because nothing ever happened but if someone was in the alley they really needed to know about it fast. In the majority of applications today, only a percentage of the total number of the cameras are monitored by video content analysis, some are only recorded and some are monitored full time by the security staff. You need to determine what is the specific risk and the most appropriate method of monitoring for each point. Do the risks and scenarios change during the course of 24 hours? Can you build upgradeability into your plans? In many cases the number of cameras monitored by the software increases as experience of the benefits is gained. Video Content analysis is a tool that allows you to improve your operational effectiveness. It is not the all seeing Big Brother monitoring all activity. It helps you spot the needle in the haystack; CCTV provides huge amounts of mostly irrelevant data. Video Content Analysis extracts information from that data. It reduces your costs, manual monitoring is inconsistent and expensive. It reduces your risk by moving away from the limited human attention span of less than twenty minutes, and screening all of the video streams in parallel. It allows you to move from a forensic mindset of finding out what happened after the event has taken place towards real time analysis and decision making. You do still need to employ professional security staff to make the decisions on the information presented to them in a sensible manner. -End-

Adaptions in Ectothermic and Endothermic animals to extreme climates essays

Adaptions in Ectothermic and Endothermic animals to extreme climates essays First of all we need to understand what ectothermic and endothermic animals are. Animals differ in their abilities to regulate body temperature (thermoregulation). We sometimes use the terms "cold-blooded" or "warm-blooded." Most reptiles feel cold to the touch, while mammals and birds often feel warm. Somewhat more precise descriptions can be made by using the terms poikilothermic and homoiothermic. The body temperature of poikllotherms is relatively variable, while that of homeotherms is relatively constant. Even more useful terms are Ectothermic or Endothermic, which suggest two different mechanisms of thermoregulation. Ectotherms generally obtain heat from their external surroundings. Their body temperature varies, corresponding at any time with the temperature of their external environment. Endothermic animals, on the other hand, have relatively constant body temperatures. Their body temperature is independent of that of their external environment. Monkeys and walruses, for example, both have body temperatures of about 38aC, despite living in very different habitats. However if body temperature rises above its optimum level (usually around 40aC in mammals) then the enzyme rate inside the body will go into sharp decline. This is because enzymes are proteins, and become denatured. One of the first organs to be affected is the brain. Since the brain controls breathing and the circulation, the rise in body temperature disrupts the normal functioning of these important systems. If the body temperature decreases dramatically (hypothermia) then this will slow metabolic activity and impairs brain function. Here is a graph to show the relationship between the body temperature and environmental temperature for a cat (endotherm) and a lizard (ectotherm) Also we need to clarify what is meant by an extreme climate. In this investigation I will be using two different climates, The Desert and The Arcti...

Andy's Recipe in Leadership Theory and Practice Case Study

Andy's Recipe in Leadership Theory and Practice - Case Study Example This fact shows that Andy has an excellent relation with his customers. An ability to relate well with customers is indeed a proven factor that contributes to success in business; this point is supported by Boynlon and Zmud in their article â€Å"An Assessment of Critical Success Factors†. In this article, Boynlon and Zmud argue that without skills in relating with customers well, one cannot expect substantial success in business. Thirdly, Andy’s restaurant business is successful because of Andy’s competent leadership skills. One of Andy’s main leadership qualities is his ability to deal with his employees (managers), despite their various weaknesses. All the three managers of his restaurant business, i.e. Kelly, Danielle, and Patrick, have weaknesses that affect their performance in the business, but, despite these weaknesses, Andy is able to deal with them and to coach and to teach them to be better leaders. Andy’s strategy of management is that f ocusing on the strength, rather than the weaknesses of his employees. Focusing on the strengths, rather, than the weaknesses of employees in business management is actually one of the best management models and it helps to prevent crisis between the managers and their employees (Daniel &Ronald, 1961). In the case study that we have read, we learn that helping people to become the best that they can is the goal of Andy for his restaurant employees. Andy’s focus and commitment on improving the leadership skills of his employees, therefore, is one of the main reasons behind Andy’s successful restaurant business. Lastly, Andy’s restaurant business is successful because of honesty and good ethics in business. In the case study that we have read, we learn that Andy does not engage in any unethical practice like raising the prices of his items unfairly, with a view of raising the profits of the business. Andy says in the case study that you succeed in business by being what you should be.

LEGAL IMPLICATIONS IN HUMAN RESOURCES SESSION LONG PROJECT 1 Essay

LEGAL IMPLICATIONS IN HUMAN RESOURCES SESSION LONG PROJECT 1 (USAA)EMPLOYMENT LAW - Essay Example The company has its head quarters in San Antonio Texas and it is one large single occupancy office building. The company is not a unionized company. USAA has a strong and well developed human resources team which deals with all the employee needs. The company currently is a home for almost twenty two thousand employees. The human resources team is well developed and well equipped to meet the needs of the employees. The company deals with a number of different products which are highly competitive in nature and are focused mainly for the military families. The company also offers a number of products to the general public as well. These include, investments, financial planning, life insurance and also other banking products like savings accounts, checking accounts and also CDs (USAA). The main aim of this organization however has solely been to provide financial strength and a strong foundation to the military families which depend on the company for higher and superior products and s ervices. USAA and Laws: The changes in the law and major court decisions leads to a few changes in the overall organization. USAA can be impacted by the changes in the law.

Business Strategy College Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Strategy College - Case Study Example The OAG official airline guide data taken from the website www.oag.com shows a startling low cast data. Its study of low cost budget airline data released its report dated September 19, 2007 shows startling facts. The data indicates that that budget airline capacity has doubled in the last four years. The low cost growth of the same industry has increased by twenty percent. The study also shows that Europe, which includes the United Kingdom, is leading the world in the low cost /network balance scheme. Clearly, the OAG data shows a startling low cast data. The same OAG study covers a wide airline passenger seat sector. The study covers eleven million extra seats in over sixty six thousand more flights operated by the low cost sector. The industry shows a year on year increase of twenty four percent and twenty percent respectively. The financial data shows that the 2007 low cost flights comprise a higher sixteen percent of the total available airline seats in Europe for the prior accounting period. The prior period only generated a fourteen percent low cost comparative figure. In addition, the 2007 financial data also shows that twenty percent of the total worldwide airline covers is given to low cost flights. This is higher than the seventeen percent financial data of the prior year, 2006. Evidently, the OAG study covers a wide airline passenger seat sector. ... Three of the major forces in the European, Low -cost, budget airline sector are rivalry among competing sellers in the air travel industry, market attempts of companies in other industries to win customers and the potential entry of new air travel competitors.Rivalry among competing sellers in the air travel industry. There is s strong rivalry among the competing sellers in the low cost budget airline sectors. The air transportation industry is changing fundamentally. Low cost air passenger carriers are now slowly killing the competition. This long term trend has undermined the industry's prior structure, procedures, business models and these changes have consequences for airport access. Airlines and airports now have neither the money nor the appetite for grandiose projects. While massive airport buildings around the world planned many years ago are still being inaugurated. These inaugurated airports include Heathrow airport in London, Suvarnabhumi airport in Bangkok, Barajas airpor t in Madrid, a Singapore airport and a Toronto airport. The current trend in the airline industry is to focus on low -cost airport buildings and facilities. Boston had built a $ 400 million passenger building to Delta air's specifications. It was opened shortly before the airline went bankrupt. As Delta air buckles under the pressure of shrinking its network and services, another competitor must be entertained to take over the leased airport spaces vacated by Delta Air. Low cost airline companies easily fit this description. Undoubtedly, there is strong rivalry among the competing sellers in the low cost budget airline sectors (De Neufville 2006).Market attempts of companies in other

Pancreatic endocrine hormones Essay Example for Free

Pancreatic endocrine hormones Essay Energy, in the form of sugar, is transported in the blood. It is carried throughout the body and into all cells to produce ATP. ATP is needed for all cellular activity of the body. It is essential that the blood can maintain the bodys fuel at a constant level (homeostasis) regardless of how long it has been since the last meal. There are three main organs that regulate the control of blood sugar: the pancreas, the liver and the adrenal glands. The pancreas produces hormones called insulin and glucagon. These hormones work antagonistically to maintain blood sugar levels that are neither too low or too high. The adrenal gland plays a key function in making sure blood sugar levels are high enough. The liver helps with sugar metabolism by creating insulin receptor sites. After a meal, insulin directs the flow of nutrients. This promotes fuel storage in the liver, adipose tissue and in muscles. The flow of nutrients during fasting is influenced by glucagon. Once glycogen stores are depleted, muscle protein is degraded, and amino acids are used for gluconeogenesis in the liver. Triglycerides stored in adipose tissue are broken down under the fasting condition. The concentration of glucose in the blood rises rapidly after the ingestion of glucose ( in a high carbohydrate meal). Insulin carries out its function and starts to bring blood glucose concentrations back down to normal, then this removes the stimulus that tells the beta cells to secrete the insulin in the first place. As a result, the beta cells become less and less stimulated and so the rate of secretion of insulin declines in parallel to the rate of decline in blood glucose concentration. This mechanism is referred to as negative feedback.

diversity in organizations

diversity in organizations Introduction This paper aims to show a deep examination of how diversity is interpreted and wrongfully applied in many organizations today. In this essay, I would explore and discuss the term â€Å"Diversity†, its definitions, merits, demerits, its varied applications and if there is a cause and effect relationship between diversity workforce and organizational effectiveness. This essay would also show why the term diversity is remotely satisfying and elaborate on the need for a new paradigm for understanding Diversity. My study supports the principles of the Diversity theory but not its varied applications which inhibit organizational effectiveness. Diversity The term â€Å"diversity† has found its place in almost all HRM literature; the front page. Jackson et al (1993), states that â€Å"the term diversity has little history within the behavioural sciences and is not (yet) a scientific construct. Instead, it is an everyday term that sprang to life rather recently, nourished by widespread media coverage of the â€Å"managing diversity† activities that organizations are adopting in response to changing work-force demographics. Nevertheless, the body of social science research relevant to understanding the dynamics of diversity in organizations is not large, although it is widely dispersed across sub disciplines that cross reference each other nor have a common terminology† (See Friedman, 1996:67). Another interesting definition is found in Ashkanasy et al (2002) which defines diversity as a concept that â€Å"encompasses acceptance and respect. It means the understanding that each individual is unique and recognizing our individual differences. They can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs and other ideologies and the exploration of these differences in a safe, positive and nurturing environment. Diversity is about understanding each other and moving beyond simple tolerance to embracing and celebrating the rich dimensions of diversity contained within each individual† Allen et al (2008) asserts that diversity is a challenge and that â€Å"organizations have struggled to embrace and manage it successfully. Researchers have struggled to conceptualize and study the term effectively. Theorists predict differing effects of Diversity: that they will spark integrative insights, creativity and innovation (e.g. Finkelstein and Hambrick, 1996; Hoffman and Maier, 1961) or that they will provoke conflict, division and dissolution (e.g. Chatman, 1991; Tajfel and Turner, 1979)†. Workforce Diversity (A Critical Analysis) Structural Diversity Vs Demographic Diversity â€Å"The demographics of the workforce are changing and will continue to change rapidly. Almost every organization looks different – both in terms of who’s employed and they positions they hold, than it did ten years ago† (Sonnenschien, 1999:2). Jackson et al (1995) also asserts that the â€Å"changing work-force demographics and new organizational forms are increasing the diversity of work teams in general and decision making teams in particular. Given these environmental changes, work teams that are diverse in terms of sex, race, and ethnicity, national origin, area of expertise, organizational affiliation and many other personal characteristics are increasingly common. The changing demographics of today’s labour force, account for the increasing gender diversity, cultural diversity (including cultural differences due to race and ethnicity) and age diversity (See Kling, Hyde, Showers and Buswell, 1999; Konrad, Ritchie, Lieb and Corrigall, 2000; Roberso n and Block, 2001)†. According to Ongari and Argolla (2007) â€Å"Workforce diversity is a complex phenomenon to manage in an organization. The management of workforce diversity as a tool to increase organizational effectiveness cannot be underscored, especially with current changes sweeping across the globe. It is argued that organizations that value diversity will definitely cultivate success and have a future in this dynamic global labour market (Jain and Verma, 1996). Workforce diversity management has become an important issue for both governments and private organizations. Its importance has mainly been brought about by the free movement of labour due to globalization and the fight for human rights by certain minority groups who feel excluded from the employment sector. The workforce diversity emerged mainly to further the availability of equal opportunities in the work place. This equal opportunity philosophy is aimed at ensuring that organizational make the most out of the difference from a dive rse workforce rather than losing talent which might assist the organization to be more efficient and effective. The increased mobility and interaction of people from diverse backgrounds as a result of improved economic and political systems and the recognition of human rights by all nations has put most organizations under pressure to embrace diversity at the work place. Diversity brings with it the heterogeneity that needs to be nurtured, cultivated and appreciated as means of increasing organizational effectiveness†. A more diverse workforce according to Thomas and Ely (1996) will increase organizational effectiveness. â€Å"It would lift morale, bring greater access to new segments of the market place and enhance productivity. Yet if this is true, what then are the positive impacts of diversity? Numerous and varied initiatives to increase diversity in corporate organizations have been under way for over a decade† (Sonnenschein, 1992:49). â€Å"Rarely, however, have those efforts spurred organizational effectiveness, Instead, many attempts to increase diversity in the workplace have backfired, sometimes even heightening and hindering a company’s performance† (Tsui and Gutek, 1999). As is commonly ascribed, Riodan (2000) asserts most people assume that workforce â€Å"diversity is about increasing racial, national, gender or class representation in other words, recruiting and retaining most people from traditionally underrepresented identity groups†. Taking this commonly held supposition as a starting point, Thomas and Ely (1996) set out to investigate the link between diversity and organizational effectiveness and they found that â€Å"thinking of diversity simply in terms of identifying group representations inhibited effectiveness†. They also found that organizations usually follow â€Å"two paths in managing diversity, In the name of empathy and fairness, the organizations encourage women and people of colour to blend in or they set them apart in jobs that relate specifically to their backgrounds, assigning them, for example to areas that require them to interface with clients and customers of the same identity group†. In this kind of c ase, companies are operating on the assumption that the main virtue identity groups have to offer is knowledge of their own people. â€Å"This assumption is limited and detrimental to diversity efforts† â€Å"(See Elsass Graves, 1997; Finkelstein Hambrick, 1996; Jackson, May and Whitney, 1995; Milliken Martins, 1996; Reskin, McBrier Kmec, 1999; Shaw Barrett Power, 1998)† A recent meta-analysis of the effects of task related (e.g. tenure) and non task related (e.g. ethnic and gender) diversity, by Weber Donahue (2001) â€Å"revealed no dependable effects on organizational effectiveness, performance or cohesiveness†. Williams and O’Reilly (1998) assert that â€Å"diversity goes beyond increasing the number of different identity groups’ affiliations† in a company but that diversity should be seen and â€Å"understood as the varied perspectives and approaches to work that members of different identity groups bring†. Another argument is by Cummings (2004) which says that â€Å"effective work groups engage in external knowledge sharing- the exchange of information, know-how and feedback with customers, organizational experts and others outside the group. This paper argues that the value of external knowledge sharing increases when work groups are structurally diverse†. â€Å"A structurally diverse work group is one in which the members, by virtue of their different organizational affiliations, roles or positions, can expose the group to unique sources of knowledge. It is hypothesized that if members of structurally diverse work groups engage in external knowledge sharing, their performance will improve because of this active exchange of knowledge through unique external sources†. Cummings (2004) also assert that â€Å"scholars examining diversity in work groups have primarily focused on the consequences of demographic diversity (e.g. member differences in sex, age, or tenure) for processes such as communication, conflict, or social integration† ( See also Jehn et al, 1999, Pelled et al, 1999 and O’Reilly et al, 1989). â€Å"The consistently negative effects of demographic diversity on group processes are likely the result of heightened member emphasis on social categories rather than project relevant information. Demographic diversity should not increase the value of intra-group knowledge sharing or external knowledge sharing unless it exposes members to unique sources of knowledge related to the work† (for a review see Williams and O’Reilly. 1998). Relatively, â€Å"little attention has been given to member differences in organizational affiliations, roles or positions. With the rise in labour costs, global expansion and corporate mergers, workgroups are often used as a means for connecting members who are dispersed across different geographic locations, who represent different functions and report to different managers or who work in different business units â€Å" (DeSanctis and Monge, 1999; Jarvenpaa and Leidner, 1999; Maznevski and Chudoba, 2000). This variation in features of the group structure is introduced here as â€Å"structural diversity because of its potential to expose members to different sources of task information, know-how and feedback. Four types of structural diversity in work groups† are mentioned below as: â€Å"Geographic locations† (See Van den Bulte Moenaert, 1998), â€Å"Functional assignments† (See Bunderson Sutcliffe, 2002), â€Å"Reporting managers† (e.g. Burns, 1989) and in â€Å"Business units† (See Hansen, 2002) Another research done by Siciliano (1996) on 240 YMCA organizations, found no significant relationship between diversity and organizational effectiveness. Middleton (1987) also asserted that â€Å"diversity in any form has no impact on the operating efficiencies of an organization and diversity does not appear to influence one way or another, an organization’s tendency to perform its control function. Merits of Managing Workforce Diversity â€Å"Managing diversity can create a competitive advantage. Potential benefits of diversity include better decision making, higher creativity and innovation, greater success in marketing to foreign and domestic ethnic minority communities and a better distribution of economic opportunity† (Cox, 1991; Cox Blake, 1991). According to one study (Watson et al, 1993) â€Å"culturally diverse groups relative to homogenous groups are more effective both in the interaction process and job performance; these benefits occur after a diverse group has been put together for a period of time†. Mueller (1998) states that â€Å"as all the segments of society have a stake in the development and prosperity of society as a whole, creating and managing a diverse workforce should be seen as a social and moral imperative†. â€Å"As globalisation is increasing, diversity will help organizations to enter the international arena† (Cascio, 1998). â€Å"Diversity enhances creativi ty and innovation (Adler, 1997; Jackson et al, 1992) and produces competitive advantages (Coleman, 2002; Jackson et al, 1992)†. â€Å"Diversity teams make it possible to enhance flexibility (Fleury, 1999) and rapid response and adaptation to change (Adler, 1997’ Jackson et al, 1992)†. Organizational Challenges â€Å"Companies can succeed at diversity if the initiative to create, manage and value the diverse workforce has the full support of the top management† (Hayes, 1999; Jackson et al, 1992). Fiske, 1993 states that â€Å"for increased effectiveness and adaptation of the diversity discourse, companies have to start thinking about diversity more holistically- â€Å"as providing fresh and meaningful approaches to work and stop assuming that diversity relates simply to how a person looks or where† they are from, only then would companies reap diversity’s full rewards† and â€Å"Organizations with a diverse workforce can provide superior services because they can better understand customers’ needs (Weitling Palma-Rivas, 2000). Hiring women, minorities, disabled, etc will help organizations to tap into these niche markets (Mueller, 1998) and diversified market segments† (Fleury, 1999). Jackson et al (1995) state that â€Å"the business economy has received much recent attention, with trade barriers are removed and competition intensifies, many companies are beginning to expand their operations in order to take advantage of foreign labour and consumer markets. For smaller companies, foreign activities may be limited to a single joint venture or to offshore production or distribution systems that involve one or two other countries. For larger corporations, foreign offices may be in over one hundred different countries (See Fulkerson Schuler, 1992). The presence of international affiliations, although not inevitable, is likely to lead eventually to the formation of teams of people with diverse cultural backgrounds, including management teams, design teams, operation teams and marketing teams (Adler Ghadar, 1991; Kanter, 1991; Von Glinow Mohrman, 1990) of which engage in decision making activities† â€Å"Theories and techniques of diversity management have been developed and enthusiastically supported by a growing number of chief executives, training specialists, diversity consultants and academics† (Saji, 2004)). Diversity can improve organizational effectiveness. â€Å"Organizations that develop experience in and reputations for managing diversity will likely attract the best personnel (Carrel et al, 2000). â€Å"Diversity requires a type of organizational culture in which each employee can pursue his or her career aspirations without being intimidated by gender, race, nationality, religion or other factors that are irrelevant to performance† (Bryan. 1999). Managing diversity means â€Å"enabling the diverse workforce to perform its full potential in an equitable work environment, where no one group has an advantage or disadvantage† (Torres Bruxelles, 1992). â€Å"Diversity in the workplace can be a competitive advantage because differing viewpoints can facilitate unique and creative approaches to problem-solving, thereby increasing creativity and innovation, which in turn leads to better organizational performance† (Allen et al, 2004). â€Å"For example, in Botswana, the society is becoming multicultural due to the increasing migrant population and their descendants. For organizations, this means that their market share, efficiency. â€Å"Human capital, international competitiveness and level of innovation will depend on their ability to effectively manage a diverse workforce both within and across organizational boundaries† (Barker Hartel, 2004; Dass Parker, 1996; Kandola et al, 1995; Strauss Mang, 1999)† Conclusions Jackson (2003) â€Å"In today’s business environment, work teams are becoming more common and more diverse, intensifying the importance of understanding the dynamics of work- team diversity. Of particular importance, is diversity within decision making teams. Organizations are rapidly restructuring to take advantage of the potential benefits of diverse decision making teams are worth the risk (or can be successfully avoided). Many of the specific assets and liabilities of work teams arise directly out of diversity†. Despite various intensive efforts to measure diversity and predict its outcomes, Jackson (2003) asserts â€Å"many literature offer few conclusive findings about the effects of diversity in the workplace. Lack of a common paradigm will make it difficult to accumulate comparable findings over time, while agreement around some issues could accelerate our ability to learn from previous accumulated evidence. One useful element that could be suggested could be a common paradigm; it would be for researchers to agree to a common theme or definition of diversity which would in turn lead to less confusion about this concept† (See also Carroll Harrison, 1998; Bedeian Mossholder, 2000). Jackson (2003) affirms that â€Å"Pettigrew (1998) used a very different approach to developing a blueprint for enabling organizational effectiveness. Based on a comprehensive review of a large body of research conducted in a variety of settings, Pettigrew identified the conditions needed to reduce intergroup bias and its negative consequence and described several processes that could be engaged to create these conditions. To the extent an origination’s diversity initiatives support these processes, they would encourage the development of positive intergroup relations, employee commitment, improved productivity and increased organizational effectiveness (See also Gaertner et al, 2000) and they are: Learning about the other group(s) was one key process identified by Pettigrew, Inaccurate stereotypes resist change for a variety of reasons but inaccurate stereotypes can be modified if people receive sufficient disconfirming evidence. Such learning is often the objective of diversity awareness training. Behavioural Change is the second key process that is needed to promote positive intergroup relations. Engaging repeatedly in positive behaviour with members of a work team can lead to long term attitudinal change towards members. Providing training in the behavioural competencies needed to work effectively in organizations characterized by diversity is one way to encourage people to engage in positive behaviour towards work group members Creating positive emotions associated with the work group is the third key process. For example, mentoring programs may encourage the development of intergroup friendships. The value of personal friendships may help explain the apparent success of informal mentoring programs†. In conclusion, it seems likely that active diversity management will be required in order for organizations to comprehend the potential benefits locked up within their diverse work forces and as such organizations must put in place strategies to enhance workforce diversity. â€Å"Research based principles for achieving these benefits and minimising potential losses have been offered. Some organizations are undoubtedly experimenting with practises that are consistent with these principles† Jackson et al (1995). By the end of this decade, perhaps another review of diversity will yield useable suggestions for how to create a sustainable and effective organizational condition called for by Pettigrew’s analysis. References Allen, R.S., Dawson, G., Wheatley, K and White, C.S. (2008) â€Å"Perceived Diversity and Organizational Performance† Employee Relations, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 20-33. 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